Abstract: Objecflve This study was conducted to know the mortality of rural children under 5 years in Chizhou municipality to provide scientific evidence for the formulation of intervening rneasufes Methods 9 towns of 3 counties in Chizhou municipality were selected by the stratified random samphng as surveillance areas，whare continuous surveillance and analysis of children aged from 0 to 4 years and their mortality were performed．Results It was found that the mortality of children under 5 years old，infants and new-born babies was 21.10‰18.33‰ and 12．82‰ re-spectively The top 5 causes of death among children under 5 years of age were pneumonia，oewbom asphyxia premature labor or low birth weight，congenital diseases and accidental death．The deaths occuffed frequently in the first quarter of the year．Diagnosis and treatment of the chil-dren before death were mostly conducmd in the countries where the children lived (39.25％) with 57.94％ of deaths occurring at home．Conclusion Good health care during pregnancy and neoua-tal period，the control of the upper respiratory tract infection，surveillance of birth defects，and re-duetion of the mortality of infants and especiaHy new-bores are all crucial to the reduction mot-tality of children under 5 years of age.