Abstract: Objective To understand the seroepidemiological characteristics of Q fever in Yili region in Xinjiang. Methods Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) recommended by WHO was conducted to detect IgM and IgG to Coxiella burnetii, the pathogen of Q fever in human and livestock sera. Results By detecting 24 serum samples taken from the patients with unknown origin febrile illness,4 cases with acute Q fever and 2 chronic Q fever cases (or in convalescence phase) were detected. Up to 75.44% of goats were positive for Ⅰ phase antibody of IgM and 57.89% were positive for Ⅰ phase antibody of IgG. 11.76%(10/85) goats with acute infection of Coxiella burnetii and 2.35%(2/85) goats with chronic infection were identified. Conclusion Q fever was prevalent in human and animals in Yili region. It is necessary to conduct further and intensive epidemiological survey and take measures of prevention and control of Q fever in this region.