Abstract: Objective To understand the incidence trend of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Hulunber and provide evidence for the disease prevention and control. Methods The analysis was conducted on the incidence data of HFRS from 2006 to 2011 and the surveillance data in rats, and the evaluation on vaccination effect since 2000 was made. Results A total of 520 HFRS cases were reported during this period. The incidence ranged from 1.40/lakh to 5.59/lakh (average annual incidence: 3.17/lakh) and declined gradually. The disease was mainly distributed in 8 flags and the case numbers in Moqi and Elunchunqi were highest, accounting for 41.89% and 36.68% respectively. The cases occurred in sub-peak period (January) and in peak period (September-December) accounted for 70.19% of the annual total. The cases were mainly distributed in age group 20-55 years, accounting for 85.19%. The male to female ratio of the cases was 3.12∶1. Farmers were the population affected mostly with the cases accounting for 69.81% of the total. For the rat in open field, the infection rate and index were highest in Cricetulus barabensis (3.92%, 0.05), for the rats in residential area, the infection rate and index were highest in Mus musculus (1.79%, 0.05). The rat infection rate and index were highest in spring in Cricetulus barabensis (3.01%, 0.05) and highest in autumn in Mus musculus (2.69%, 0.06). The comparison of incidences before and after vaccination in Moqi and Elunchunqi indicated that the incidence declined by 23.94% in Moqi and 27.15% in Elunchunqi. Conclusion It was demonstrated that mass vaccination was effective and feasible in reducing incidence and death of HFRS. Because the rat density and infection rate remain to be high in recent years, the risk of HFRS spread still exist. It is necessary to continue the vaccination in high risk population in high risk area.