Abstract: Objective To analyze the mortality, death cause and life expectancy in residents in Anhui in 2014 and provide scientific references for formulating strategies of disease control. Methods The death data of diseases surveillance points (DSPs) of Anhui province in 2014 were collected from the Information System for Death Cause Register and Management. The crude mortality, age-standardized mortality, proportion and rank of death cause, and life expectancy were calculated. Results The aging coefficient of local residents in 23 DSPs of Anhui was 10.18%. The crude mortality rate and age-standardized mortality rate was 624.94/100 000 and 551.44/100 000 respectively, and the average life expectancy was 77.72 years. The crude mortality rate was higher in males (716.95/100 000) than in females (530.53/100 000), the differences were significant (U=44.81,P0.05). The crude mortality rate was higher in rural area (659.26/100 000) than that in urban area (587.56/100 000), the differences were significant (U=17.22, P0.05). The average life expectancy of females (80.59 years) was higher than that of males (75.33 years), and the life expectancy of urban population (78.20 years) was higher than that of rural population (77.12 years). The chronic diseases accounted for 86.87% of the total causes of death. The top five causes of death were malignant tumor, cerebrovascular disease, heart disease, respiratory disease and injury. The malignant tumor and cerebrovascular disease had the greatest influence on male and female life expectancy, respectively. The loss year of injury to male average life expectancy was higher than to female life expectancy. The malignant tumor and cerebral vascular disease had the greatest influence on the life expectancy of urban and rural populations, respectively. Conclusion The chronic and non-communicable diseases, especially malignant tumors and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, have become serious public health problems. It is necessary to take targeted comprehensive prevention and control measures.