Abstract: Objective To understand the main cause of high measles incidence in Kashi of Xinjiang in 2015 and provide the evidence of measles prevention and control. Methods Both historical data analysis and field investigation were conducted to identify the cause of high incidence of measles. Results The measles cases in local children aged 3 years accounted for 89.81% of the total. The estimated rate of measles vaccination was highest in children aged 8 months to 3 years (90.91%), the overall positive rate of measles IgG antibody was 62.42%, lower than 95.00% of herd immunity level. The epidemic response rate was 69.36%, lower than the national requirement. The proportion of hospital visits before the onset of the disease was 36.69%. Conclusion Lower herd immunity, unsanctified infection source control and transmission route block were the main reasons of high measles incidence in Kashi in 2015. It is necessary to take appropriate measures for the prevention and control of measles.