Abstract: Objective To understand the effectiveness of tuberculosis (TB) prevention and control in Karamay, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, from 2001 to 2015, and provide evidence for the TB prevention and treatment in the future. Methods The incidence data of TB were collected by using the registers of newly diagnosed TB cases and pulmonary TB cases during 2001-2015 as well as national TB information system. Results A total of 2 340 active pulmonary TB cases were reported during this period, including 1 217 smear positive cases and 1 123 smear negative cases. The overall registering rate of active pulmonary TB cases was in decrease (P=0.001). The average cure rate of newly diagnosed smear positive patients was 93.63%, higher than the 85.00% required by state for TB treatment. A total of 587 deaths due to TB and 986 TB cases were prevented. The medical cost was reduced by 751 100 yuan (RMB), and 1.428 billion yuan (RMB) economic and social losses were avoided. Conclusion The prevalence of TB is low in Karamay, but the TB case management, referral and tracing still needs to be improved.