Abstract: Objective To investigate the changing trend of the mortality rate and death causes in residents in Henan province during 2006-2015. Methods The death surveillance data in Henan during this period were analyzed with DeathReg2005, death surveillance data clearing and analysis tool. Excel 2003 and SPSS 11.5. The main indexes included crude mortality rate, standardized mortality rate, age specific mortality rate and cause specific mortality rate, trend2 test was conducted to compare the change of death causes during this period. Results The crude mortality rate and the standardized mortality rate of the residents in Henan were 575.56/100 000 and 436.87/100 000, respectively, during 2006-2015. The mortality rate was higher in males than in females, in rural area than in urban area; Female crude mortality rate (trend2=174.343,P0.001)and urban crude mortality rate (trend2=373.766,P0.001) all showed increasing tendency. Chronic diseases have become the major death causes in residents in Henan, accounting for 86.27% of all deaths, the mortality rates increased slightly (trend2=198.670,P0.001).The crude mortality rate of infectious disease, maternal and perinatal disease, nutritional deficiency and injury decreased obviously. Cerebrovascular disease, malignant tumor, and heart disease were the top three death causes during this period, though cerebrovascular disease and heart disease had a rising trend year by year. Conclusion The crude death rate(CDR) of the residents was in increase, and the standard mortality rate (SMR) showed a declining tendency in Henan.Cerebrovascular disease, malignant tumor, heart disease and other chronic diseases had become the important diseases affecting the health of the residents in Henan. It is necessary to take effective measures to control the hazard level, reduce the morbidity and mortality of chronic diseases and improve people's health.