Abstract: Objective To understand the incidence trend of leptospirosis in China and provide scientific evidence for the revision of prevention and control measures. Methods The descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on the surveillance and laboratory data of leptospirosis in China in 2009. Results The reported leptospirosis cases number and death number were low, the constituent of the cases didnt change obviously The disease situation in local surveillance areas was concordant with national situation. The overall rat density was 3.63%, a little higher than that in 2008 (3.43%). Apodemus agrarius was still the major rodent captured in surveillance areas, accounting for 44.36%. The serum antibody titer indicating positive result varied by regions, resulting in the fail to compare the surveillance data between the areas. Conclusion The overall incidence of leptospirosis in China was low, sporadic cases were found in some areas. It is necessary for provinces to strengthen the surveillance and improve the laboratory capacity for the prevention and control of leptospirosis.