Abstract: Objective The present case cross-study was conducted to explore the effect of inhalable particular matters (PM10) on the daily mortality of cerebrocardiovascular diseases among highly and long-term exposed residents. Methods The relationship of PM10 and daily deaths of cerebrocardiovascular diseases among residents over 65 years old in Taiyuan was analyzed by case cross-study and conditional Logistic regression in SAS 9.0. Meanwhile, the difference of results between the two-way contrast and one-way retrospective contrast study was compared. Results The 72 h accumulated PM10 had the most significant effect. For each 100ppb increase in the average PM10 concentration, the corresponding OR of the effect on the total deaths of cerebrocardiovascular diseases was 1.126, and cardiac diseases 1.305, ischemic heart diseases 1.296, myocardial infarctions 1.080, cardiac failure 1.136, arrhythmia 1.133, stroke 1.228. Under different air-pollution conditions, pollutant presented different effects on deaths of cerebrocardiovascular diseases. The effect of PM10 on deaths of cerebrocardiovascular diseases was higher at the rise period of pollution than others. Comparing the one-and two-way contrast study, higher estimated value of OR was found in one-way contrast study than in two-way contrast study at the rise period, vice versa. Conclusion The current PM10 pollution has caused certain effect on the cerebrocardiovascular mortality among residents older than 65 in Taiyuan. More stringent measures should be taken to control the air pollution and lower the PM10 level, and thus reduce the mortality of cerebrocardiovascular diseases for Taiyuan residents.