Objective To analyse the epidemiological characteristics and spatial clustering of brucellosis in Ningxia from 2014 to 2024, identify high-risk areas, and provide scientific basis for formulating and adjusting future brucellosis control strategies in Ningxia.

Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the brucellosis epidemic in Ningxia from 2014 to 2024. Data were processed using Excel 16.0 and SPSS 20.0 software. Trend surface analysis and spatial autocorrelation analysis were performed with ArcGIS 10.8.

Results From 2014 to 2024, the average annual incidence rate of brucellosis in Ningxia was 43.75 per 100000, showing an overall upward trend. The peak incidence occurred between March and August. Cases were reported in all 22 counties/districts. The reported incidence rate was 60.72 per 100000 in males and 26.08 per 100000 in females. The majority of cases (64.48%) were in the 40–65 age group, and most cases were farmers. The three-dimensional spatial trend map indicated more severe incidence in central and eastern Ningxia. Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed positive spatial correlation in most years (Moran's I>0, P<0.05), except in 2017 and 2020. High-high clustering areas were consistently observed in central-eastern regions centered on Yanchi and Tongxin, while low-low clustering areas were mainly in northern Ningxia.

Conclusion In recent years, the incidence of brucellosis in Ningxia has shown an overall upward trend, with distinct seasonal patterns and occupational distribution characteristics. Hotspots are concentrated in areas of rapid livestock farming development, primarily around Yanchi and Tongxin. Enhance epidemic surveillance, focus on spatial clusters, and strengthen the management of infection sources. At the same time, implement targeted protective interventions among high-risk populations to reduce occupational exposure risks and contain the spread of the epidemic at its source.