Objective  To understand the causes of death and the rank of causes of death, as well as the changing trends in disease burden in permanent residents in Tianmen, Hubei province, from 2022 to 2024 and provide evidence for the development of effective public health intervention measures.

Methods The causes of death were coded according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10^th Revision (ICD-10). Satistical software SPSS 27.0 was used to calculate the crude mortality rate, standardized mortality rate, potential years of life lost (PYLL), and average years of life lost (AYLL), and χ² test was used to evaluate the significance in the differences between men and women and among different years.

Results The overall crude mortality rate was 678.38/100 000, and the standardized mortality rate was 446.20/100 000 in population in Tianmen from 2022 to 2024. The annual crude mortality rate showed an increasing trend (χ²=110.564, P<0.001). The top five causes of death in the residents were: malignant tumor, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, injury and poisoning, and respiratory disease, with mortality rates of 168.21/100 000, 161.93/100 000, 128.83/100 000, 76.64/100 000, and 69.63/100 000, respectively. The deaths caused by the top five causes of death accounted for 83.28% of the total reported deaths. The PYLL from the top five causes of death was 41,856.34 person-years, the AYLL was 5.50 person-years, and the PYLL rate was 27.14‰. Injury and poisoning had the greatest impact on the life expectancy of local residents.

Conclusion Malignant tumors, such as lung cancer and liver cancer, chronic non-communicable diseases, such as injury and poisoning, and ischemic heart diseases, such as acute myocardial infarction, all pose significant threats to the lives and health of residents in Tianmen. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct proactive and targeted prevention and control, promote early diagnosis and treatment and strengthen risk factor intervention to improve life expectancy of residents in Tianmen.