Genotyping and drug susceptibility test of Vibrio vulnificus strains
YU Yan1, PAN Jun-hang2, SHI Ya-su1, WU Qi-bo1
Dinghai District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan 316000, Zhejiang, China
Abstract
Objective To understand the molecular epidemiological characteristics and drug susceptibility of Vibrio vulnificus in marine products. Methods Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted to carry out the nucleic acid detection and genotyping of V. vulnificus strains isolated from marine products, and the drug susceptibility of these isolates was tested by ATB method. Results All V. vulnificus strains were positive for hemolysis A gene (vvhA). Five genotypes were detected, they were CB type, CAB type, EA type, CA and EAB type. One BT2 nucleic acid positive strain and one SerE nucleic acid positive strain were detected. The drug susceptibility test results showed that these isolates were resistant to aminoglycosides and cephalosporins. Conclusion The genotypes of V. vulnificus isolates from marine products varied,but CB type predominated,EAB type and CAB type were reported for the first time in China. It is necessary to strengthen the detection of V. vulnificus in marine products and monitoring of its drug susceptibility to prevent the outbreak of V. vulnificus infection.
多株创伤弧菌的基因分型和药敏试验
虞艳1, 潘军航2, 石亚素1, 吴漆波1
1. 舟山市定海区疾病预防控制中心, 浙江 定海 316000;
2. 浙江省疾病预防控制中心
2. 浙江省疾病预防控制中心
摘要
目的 了解海产品中分离的创伤弧菌的基因分子流行病学特征和药敏试验结果,为进一步研究创伤弧菌和临床用药提供依据。 方法 以聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法对海产品中分离的创伤弧菌进行核酸检测与基因型分型,用ATB细菌鉴定仪配套的药敏卡对创伤弧菌进行药敏试验。 结果 海产品中分离的创伤弧菌均为溶血素A基因(vvhA)核酸阳性,vcgC/E和16S rRNA A/B分型结果显示,共有5种基因型别,分别为CB型、CAB型、EA型、CA型和EAB型。共检测出1株BT2核酸阳性,1株SerE核酸阳性。药敏试验显示,该菌对氨基糖苷类和头孢菌素类抗生素有耐药株。 结论 海产品中的创伤弧菌基因型呈多样性,以CB型为主,EAB型和CAB型同为国内首次报道的基因型。应加强对海产品中创伤弧菌的监测和耐药分析,预防创伤弧菌感染的暴发。
内容大纲
1 材料与方法
1.1 菌株的来源 菌株从7个品种(即梭子蟹、贻贝、毛蚶、牡蛎、水白虾、对虾和活皮虾)的海水产品中分离,海产品主要采集于舟山本岛定海城区的三大菜场。
1.2 试剂与仪器
3% NaCl碱性蛋白胨水(APW)、纤维二糖多粘菌素E(CC)琼脂和3% NaCl胰蛋白胨大豆琼脂(TSA)购自北京陆桥技术有限责任公司。引物合成,dNTP和Taq DNA聚合酶等购自宝生物工程有限公司。Eppendorf Mastercycler Gradient PCR仪、BIO-RAD Gel Doc XR凝胶成像仪、ATB细菌鉴定仪和药敏鉴定卡G-5为法国生物梅里埃公司产品。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 菌株的分离方法
按创伤弧菌检验(审议稿),每份样品在3% NaCl碱性蛋白胨水(APW)中增菌后,接种于纤维二糖多粘菌素E(CC)琼脂,培养后挑取可疑的黄色扁平菌落于3% NaCl胰蛋白胨大豆琼脂(TSA)平板分纯并做生化鉴定。
1.3.2 核酸检测与基因分型
1.3.2.1 DNA模板制备
挑取单个创伤弧菌菌落于200 μl灭菌去离子水中,沸水浴10 min,9000 r/min离心2 min,取上清液 于-20 ℃保存。创伤弧菌标准菌株ATCC27562作为阳性对照。
1.3.2.2 常规聚合酶链反应 (conventional polymerase chain reaction,PCR)技术检测vvhA基因
采用25 μl的反应体系:1 U Taq DNA聚合酶,dNTP各0.2 mmol/L,MgC12 1.5 mmol/L,引物各1 μmol/L,模板DNA 1 μl。反应程序为94 ℃预变性5 min,94 ℃变性1 min,62 ℃退火1 min,72 ℃延伸1 min,25个循环,最后72 ℃延伸5 min。电泳取8 μl PCR扩增体系产物经1.0%琼脂糖凝胶电泳,EB染色后于BIO-RAD GelDoc XR凝胶成像仪成像并分析(引物见表1)。
1.3.2.3 复合PCR(multiplex polymerase chain reaction)技术检测毒力基因
vcg、16S rRNA和生物Ⅱ型及血清E型1。反应体系采用25 μl的反应体系:1 U Taq DNA聚合酶,dNTP各0.2 mmol/L,MgC12 1.5 mmol/L,引物各1 μmol/L,模板DNA 1 μl。反应程序为94 ℃预变性5 min,94 ℃变性1 min,55 ℃(vcg)、58 ℃(16S rRNA)、64 ℃(生物Ⅱ型和血清 E型)退火 1 min,72 ℃延伸1 min,30个(vcg、16S rRNA)、35个(生物Ⅱ型和血清 E型)循环,最后72 ℃延伸5 min。电泳按上述方法(引物见表1)。
表1 PCR反应条件及产物大小
Table 1 Reaction conditions and products size of PCR
1.3.3 药敏试验
1.3.3.1 菌液制备
在一支无菌的3 ml 0.85% NaCl生理盐水中,加入一个或几个纯培养的待测菌落,制备成浊度相当于0.5麦氏单位的菌悬液。
1.3.3.2 加样
取菌悬液10 μl,加入到一支ATB Medium中,用ATB电子加样枪混匀后,以每孔135 μl的量加至ATB G-5试剂条中,盖上盖子,放置湿盒内于37 ℃培养18~24 h。
1.3.3.3 结果测定
用ATB鉴定仪自动判读测试杯中是否有细菌生长,浑浊为耐药,澄清为敏感。结果分为敏感(S),中介(I)和耐药(R)。共检测21种药物的药敏情况,同时提供最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC) 值。药敏试验质控菌为大肠埃希菌ATCC 25922,质控菌株购自卫生部临检中心。
2 结果
2.1 99株创伤弧菌核酸检测与基因分型 经PCR检测,结果显示所有菌株均为溶血素A基因(vvhA)核酸阳性。1株为BT2核酸阳性,SerE核酸阴性,为BT2型,但非血清E型,其余98株吲哚和鸟氨酸脱羧酶生化反应阳性,为BT1型。另外1株SerE核酸阳性,为血清E型。vcgC/E和16S rRNA A/B分型结果显示,共有5种基因型别,vcgC和16S rRNA B型(CB型)有66株,vcgC、16S rRNA A和B型(CAB型)有22株,vcgE和16S rRNA A(EA型)有6株,vcgC和16S rRNA A(CA型)有4株,vcgE、16S rRNA A和B型(EAB型)有1株,结果见表2。
表2 99株创伤弧菌的基因分型结果(1)
Table 2 Genotyping result of 90 strains of V. vulnificus
基因型 | CB型 | CAB型 | EA型 | CA型 | EAB型 | 合计株数 | ||||||||||
株数 | 构成比(%) | 株数 | 构成比(%) | 株数 | 构成比(%) | 株数 | 构成比(%) | 株数 | 构成比(%) | |||||||
梭子蟹 | 7 | 58.3 | 4 | 33.3 | 1 | 8.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 12 | |||||
贻贝 | 10 | 66.7 | 3 | 20.0 | 1 | 6.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.0 | 15 | |||||
毛蚶 | 24 | 75.0 | 6 | 18.8 | 2 | 6.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 32 | |||||
牡蛎 | 6 | 75.0 | 1 | 12.5 | 1 | 12.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 8 | |||||
水白虾 | 7 | 46.5 | 4 | 26.7 | 1 | 6.7 | 3 | 20.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 15 | |||||
对虾 | 9 | 69.2 | 3 | 23.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 7.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 13 | |||||
活皮虾 | 3 | 75.0 | 1 | 25.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | |||||
合计 | 66 | 66.7 | 22 | 22.2 | 6 | 6.1 | 4 | 4.0 | 1 | 1.1 | 99 |
2.2 创伤弧菌体外药物敏感性
21种抗菌药物包括青霉素类、头孢菌素类、氨基糖苷类、β-内酰胺类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类、碳青霉烯类、青霉素+酶抑制剂等共8类药物。64株创伤弧菌的药敏试验结果显示,17种常用抗菌药物100%敏感,阿米卡星敏感率为84.4%,妥布霉素敏感率为73.4%,庆大霉素和头孢噻吩的敏感率均为98.4%, 见表3。64株创伤
表3 64株创伤弧菌的药敏试验结果
Table 3 Drug susceptibility test result of 64 strains of V. vulnificus
抗菌药物 | 耐药 | 中介 | 敏感 | |||||
株数 | 构成比(%) | 株数 | 构成比(%) | 株数 | 构成比(%) | |||
阿莫西林 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 64 | 100.0 | ||
哌拉西林 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 64 | 100.0 | ||
替卡西林 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 64 | 100.0 | ||
头孢噻吩 | 1 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 63 | 98.4 | ||
头孢噻肟 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 64 | 100.0 | ||
头孢吡肟 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 64 | 100.0 | ||
美罗培南 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 64 | 100.0 | ||
复方新诺明 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 64 | 100.0 | ||
阿米卡星 | 10 | 15.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 54 | 84.4 | ||
奈替米星 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 64 | 100.0 | ||
阿莫西林/克拉维酸 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 64 | 100.0 | ||
哌拉西林/他唑巴坦 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 64 | 100.0 | ||
替卡西林/克拉维酸 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 64 | 100.0 | ||
头孢西丁 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 64 | 100.0 | ||
头孢他啶 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 64 | 100.0 | ||
头孢呋辛 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 64 | 100.0 | ||
亚胺培南 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 64 | 100.0 | ||
妥布霉素 | 17 | 26.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 47 | 73.4 | ||
庆大霉素 | 1 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 63 | 98.4 | ||
环丙沙星 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 64 | 100.0 | ||
头孢他啶 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 64 | 100.0 |
弧菌中共有20株耐药菌株,分别对1~3种药物耐药,其样品来源和基因型别见表4。
表4 耐药菌株的样品来源和基因型别
Table 4 Source and genotype of drug resistant strains
菌种编号 | 样品来源 | 妥布霉素 | 庆大霉素 | 阿米卡星 | 头孢噻吩 | 基因型与生物型 |
VV53 | 毛蚶 | R | R | CB | ||
VV55 | 对虾 | R | R | R | CB | |
VV58 | 梭子蟹 | R | R | CB | ||
VV64 | 活皮虾 | R | CB | |||
VV74 | 毛蚶 | R | CB | |||
VV77 | 毛蚶 | R | CB | |||
VV78 | 毛蚶 | R | CB | |||
VV83 | 贻贝 | R | R | CB | ||
VV84 | 毛蚶 | R | CB | |||
VV90 | 梭子蟹 | R | CB | |||
VV92 | 贻贝 | R | CB | |||
VV95 | 梭子蟹 | R | R | CB | ||
VV97 | 牡蛎 | R | CB | |||
VV98 | 毛蚶 | R | R | CB | ||
VV99 | 贻贝 | R | CB | |||
VV101 | 毛蚶 | R | R | EA | ||
VV102 | 毛蚶 | R | CB | |||
VV103 | 毛蚶 | R | CB | |||
VV109 | 贻贝 | R | CB | |||
VV112 | 活皮虾 | R | R | 死亡 |
3 讨论
vcgC/E和16S rRNA A/B分型结果显示,此次监测的海水产品中创伤弧菌的基因型呈多样性,分别有CB型、CAB型、EA型、CA型和EAB型。基因型的分布情况:CB型和CAB型为主要基因型,存在于所有本次调查的7种水产品中,分别占所测菌株的66%和22%;EA型在对虾和活皮虾中未检出,其余品种均有1~2例检出,所占比率不高,但文献[5]报道EA型为对虾中的主要基因型之一,可能与地域差异有关;CA型只在水白虾和对虾中检出4例,目前市售的这两种虾类又多为人工养殖,可能存在一定的联系;EAB型只在贻贝中检出1例,其他水产品中均未检出。EAB型和CAB型同为国内首次报道的基因型。各型别之间经χ2检验,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。不同种类水产品CB型之间和CAB型之间经χ2检验,差异均无统计学意义。
根据宿主和生化特征,创伤弧菌分为BT1、BT2和BT3型。BT1是人类致病菌,BT2是海水产品的致病菌,而BT3只在以色列有过报道[6]。本次实验生物分型和血清E型鉴定结果显示:99株菌株共检测到1株BT2菌株,但非血清E型;1株血清E型,研究发现其可使人感染致病[7]。这2株菌株均分离自外地养殖的毛蚶,且基因分型均为CB型。这也是国内首次报道在毛蚶中检测到BT2菌株和血清E型。
64株创伤弧菌的药敏试验结果显示,该菌对氨基糖苷类和头孢菌素类抗生素耐药。文献报道对罗非鱼中分离的创伤弧菌进行药敏试验,结果显示对青霉素类、氨基糖苷类和头孢菌素类药物耐药;对从卵形鲳鲹“腐皮病”中分离的创伤弧菌作药敏试验,结果显示该菌对青霉素类、头孢菌素类和磺胺类药物耐药;对从患者身上分离的创伤弧菌做药敏试验,结果显示对氨基糖苷类、头孢菌素类和β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药 。本次药敏试验对创伤弧菌耐药的抗生素在上述文献中都有报道,说明水产品中和人身上分离的创伤弧菌耐药性相似。随着我国水产养殖业的快速发展,滥用抗生药物的现象日益严重。不仅导致严重的水产品安全问题,还可能引起病原菌产生耐药性而造成机体内正常微生物菌群失调,进而破坏微生态平衡,有关部门应引起足够的重视。另外临床上治疗由致病性弧菌感染引起的人类疾患时用药也要慎重。
同时检测发现,20株耐药菌株的基因型分布中有18株均为CB型,仅1株为EA型,另1株做基因分型时死亡。说明耐药菌株多存在于CB基因型中,且CB型有文献[11]报道为临床分离的主要基因型,表明舟山市售的海产品可能存在致病因素。
参考文献
[1] Chung PH,Chusng SK,Tsang T,et al.Cutaneous injury and Vibrio vulnificus infection[J].Emerg Infect Dis,2006,12(8):1302-1303.
[2] Wang ZG, Cao HQ, Wu Z. Two cases of Vibrio vulnificus infection [J]. Chinese Journal of Infectious Diseases,2007,25 (11):699.(in Chinese) 王志刚,曹浩强,吴展.创伤弧菌感染二例[J].中华传染病杂志,2007,25(11):699.
[3] Gao ZL. Analysis on 19 cases of primary ichoremia caused by Vibrio vulnificus [J]. Zhejiang Clinical Medical Journal,2004,6 (2):135-136.(in Chinese) 高仲雷.原发性创伤弧菌败血症19例分析[J].浙江临床医学,2004,6(2):135-136.
[4] Inoue H.Vibrio vulnificus infection of the hand [J].J Orthop Sci,2006,11(1):85-87.
[5] Pan JH, Zhu M, Mei LL, et al. Quantitative detection and genotyping of Vibrio vulnificus in shrimp from markets in Hangzhou [J]. Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine,2010,44(10):956-957.(in Chinese) 潘军航,朱敏,梅玲玲,等.2009年杭州市市售虾中创伤弧菌的定量检测及基因分型[J]. 中华预防医学杂志,2010,44(10):956-957.
[6] Bisharat N,Amaro C,Fouz B,et al.Serological and molecular characteristics of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 3:evidence for high clonality[J].Microbilology,2007,153(Pt 3):847-856.
[7] Sanjuan E,Amaro C.Multiplex PCR Assay for Detection of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 and simultaneous discrimination of serovar E strains[J].Appl Envir Microbiol,2007,73(6):2029-2032.
[8] Li J, Ye X, Lu MX, et al. Isolation/identification of Vibrio vulnificus in Tilapia and its drug susceptibility [J]. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis,2011,33(5):965-970.(in Chinese) 黎炯,叶星,卢迈新,等. 罗非鱼创伤弧菌的分离鉴定和药敏试验[J]. 江西农业大学学报,2011,33(5):965-970.
[9] Zhao DH, Sun JJ, Wang HF, et al. Drug susceptibility of Vibrio vulnificus [J]. Chinese Journal of Zoonoses,2007,23 (12):1207-1211.(in Chinese) 赵典惠,孙际佳,王海芳,等.创伤弧菌的药物敏感性[J].中国人兽共患病学报,2007,23(12):1207-1211.
[10] Wang ZG, Shao PY, Wu XY. Culture/identification of Vibrio vulnificus and its drug susceptibility [J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases,2009,2(5):293-296.(in Chinese) 王志刚,邵平扬,吴晓燕.创伤弧菌的培养鉴定及其对抗菌药物的敏感性[J].中华临床感染病杂志,2009,2(5):293-296.
[11] Warner EB,Oliver JD.Population structures of two genotypes of Vibrio vulnificus in oysters (Crassostrea virginica)and seawater[J].Appl Envir Microbiol,2008,74(1):80-85.
[2] Wang ZG, Cao HQ, Wu Z. Two cases of Vibrio vulnificus infection [J]. Chinese Journal of Infectious Diseases,2007,25 (11):699.(in Chinese) 王志刚,曹浩强,吴展.创伤弧菌感染二例[J].中华传染病杂志,2007,25(11):699.
[3] Gao ZL. Analysis on 19 cases of primary ichoremia caused by Vibrio vulnificus [J]. Zhejiang Clinical Medical Journal,2004,6 (2):135-136.(in Chinese) 高仲雷.原发性创伤弧菌败血症19例分析[J].浙江临床医学,2004,6(2):135-136.
[4] Inoue H.Vibrio vulnificus infection of the hand [J].J Orthop Sci,2006,11(1):85-87.
[5] Pan JH, Zhu M, Mei LL, et al. Quantitative detection and genotyping of Vibrio vulnificus in shrimp from markets in Hangzhou [J]. Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine,2010,44(10):956-957.(in Chinese) 潘军航,朱敏,梅玲玲,等.2009年杭州市市售虾中创伤弧菌的定量检测及基因分型[J]. 中华预防医学杂志,2010,44(10):956-957.
[6] Bisharat N,Amaro C,Fouz B,et al.Serological and molecular characteristics of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 3:evidence for high clonality[J].Microbilology,2007,153(Pt 3):847-856.
[7] Sanjuan E,Amaro C.Multiplex PCR Assay for Detection of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 and simultaneous discrimination of serovar E strains[J].Appl Envir Microbiol,2007,73(6):2029-2032.
[8] Li J, Ye X, Lu MX, et al. Isolation/identification of Vibrio vulnificus in Tilapia and its drug susceptibility [J]. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis,2011,33(5):965-970.(in Chinese) 黎炯,叶星,卢迈新,等. 罗非鱼创伤弧菌的分离鉴定和药敏试验[J]. 江西农业大学学报,2011,33(5):965-970.
[9] Zhao DH, Sun JJ, Wang HF, et al. Drug susceptibility of Vibrio vulnificus [J]. Chinese Journal of Zoonoses,2007,23 (12):1207-1211.(in Chinese) 赵典惠,孙际佳,王海芳,等.创伤弧菌的药物敏感性[J].中国人兽共患病学报,2007,23(12):1207-1211.
[10] Wang ZG, Shao PY, Wu XY. Culture/identification of Vibrio vulnificus and its drug susceptibility [J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases,2009,2(5):293-296.(in Chinese) 王志刚,邵平扬,吴晓燕.创伤弧菌的培养鉴定及其对抗菌药物的敏感性[J].中华临床感染病杂志,2009,2(5):293-296.
[11] Warner EB,Oliver JD.Population structures of two genotypes of Vibrio vulnificus in oysters (Crassostrea virginica)and seawater[J].Appl Envir Microbiol,2008,74(1):80-85.
扩展功能
|
|
本文信息 | |
![]() |
PDF全文 |
![]() |
HTML全文 |
![]() |
参考文献 |
服务与反馈 | |
![]() |
加入引用管理器 |
![]() |
引用本文 |
![]() |
Email Alert |
本文作者相关文章 | |
![]() |
虞艳 |
![]() |
潘军航 |
![]() |
石亚素 |
![]() |
吴漆波 |
PubMed | |
![]() |
Article by YU Yan |
![]() |
Article by PAN Jun-hang |
![]() |
Article by SHI Ya-su |
![]() |
Article by WU Qi-bo |