疾病监测  2018, Vol. 33 Issue (6): 528-530

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马品江, 黄佳, 王琛琛, 段依敏, 张玲
Ma Pinjiang, Huang Jia, Wang Chenchen, Duan Yimin, Zhang Ling
新疆维吾尔自治区南部干预补碘地区妊娠妇女碘营养及甲状腺水平分析
Analysis on iodine nutrition and thyroid levels of pregnant women with access to iodine supplement intervention in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
疾病监测, 2018, 33(6): 528-530
Disease Surveillance, 2018, 33(6): 528-530
10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2018.06.019

文章历史

收稿日期:2017-09-26
新疆维吾尔自治区南部干预补碘地区妊娠妇女碘营养及甲状腺水平分析
马品江, 黄佳, 王琛琛, 段依敏, 张玲     
新疆维吾尔自治区疾病预防控制中心, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830002
摘要目的 调查新疆维吾尔自治区(新疆)南部碘缺乏高危地区妊娠妇女口服碘油后的碘营养状况及甲状腺激素水平的差异变化,为科学补碘提供理论依据。方法 2015年10月以实施干预补碘的(2次/年,每次200 mg)拜城和乌什县为调查点,按设计方案要求每个县选2个乡镇,每个乡镇选2个村,每个村抽取18~40岁妊娠妇女15人、非妊娠妇女50人,测定其尿碘和甲状腺激素水平。结果 实施干预补碘后妊娠组、非妊娠组尿碘中位数分别为181.73 μg/L和228.35 μg/L。妊娠组尿碘水平 < 50 μg/L和100 μg/L分别占各组总人数的5.83%和16.66%。两组尿碘水平差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.470,P < 0.05);血清游离甲状腺素(FT4)异常率为16.76%,其中妊娠组和非妊娠组偏低,分别占25.83%和13.43%,促甲状腺素(TSH)异常率为22.35%;两组血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)和FT4差异有统计学意义(t=15.027、9.070,P < 0.05),TSH差异无统计学意义(t=0.380,P>0.05);妊娠组甲状腺机能减退(甲减)、亚临床甲减发生率分别为3.33%和10.00%。非妊娠组甲状腺机能亢进(甲亢)、甲减、亚临床甲减发生率分别为0.72%、5.04%和17.98%,两组亚临床甲减发生率差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.380,P < 0.05)。结论 实施干预补碘,妊娠妇女碘营养水平处于适宜范围;甲状腺功能异常以亚临床甲减为主,可能是该地区甲状腺功能紊乱的常见类型。TSH、FT3、FT4的检测对甲状腺功能异常的早期诊断、治疗和防治有重要意义。
关键词妊娠妇女    碘营养    甲状腺    补碘    干预    新疆维吾尔自治区    
Analysis on iodine nutrition and thyroid levels of pregnant women with access to iodine supplement intervention in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
Ma Pinjiang, Huang Jia, Wang Chenchen, Duan Yimin, Zhang Ling     
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi 830002, Xinjiang, China
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 81560520)
Corresponding author: Zhang Ling, Tel:0991-2623301, Email:zhangling2613884@163.com.
Abstract: Objective To understand the pregnant women's nutritional status and thyroid hormone level difference after oral iodine oil supplement in areas at high-risk in southern Xinjiang and provide evidence for scientific iodine supplement. Methods A survey was conducted in Baicheng and Wushi counties where iodine supplement intervention had been carried out since 2015. In county, two villages were selected from each of two townships selected. In each village, 15 pregnant women and 50 non-pregnant women aged 18-40 years were surveyed to test their urinary iodine and thyroid hormones levels. Results After the iodine supplement intervention, the median of urinary iodine levels in pregnant group and non-pregnant group were 181.73 μg/L and 228.35 μg/L respectively. In pregnant group, those whose urine iodine level < 50 μg/L and < 100 μg/L accounted for 5.83% and 16.66%, respectively. There were differences between the two groups in urine iodine level (χ2=6.470, P < 0.05). The abnormal rate of serum free thyroxine (FT4)was 16.76%, and those with the low rate accounted for 25.83% in pregnant group and 13.43% in non-pregnant group. The abnormal rate of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)was 22.35%. The difference in FT3 and FT4 abnormal rates between two groups had statistical significance (t=15.027, t=9.070, P < 0.05), the difference in TSH abnormal rate between two groups had no statistical significance (t=0.380, P>0.05). The incidence of hypothyroidism was 3.33% and the incidence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 10.00% in pregnant group. In non-pregnant group, the incidence of hyperthyroidism was 0.72%, the incidence of hypothyroidism was 5.04% and the incidence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 17.98%. There was significant difference in incidence of hypothyroidism between two groups (χ2=4.380, P < 0.05). Conclusion After the intervention of iodine supplement, the iodine nutrition level of the pregnant women was in a suitable range. Subclinical hypothyroidism was the main form of abnormal thyroid function, which might be the common type of thyroid dysfunction in this area. TSH, FT3, FT4 detections were important for the early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of abnormal thyroid function.
Key words: Pregnant woman     Iodine nutrition     level     Iodine supplement     Intervention     Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region    

碘营养水平与甲状腺疾病有密切关系,碘摄入不足或过量均可增加甲状腺疾病的危险性,因此,保证妇女孕期适宜的碘营养水平对孕妇自身、胎儿及新生儿均有重要意义。2012年我国颁布的《妊娠和产后甲状腺疾病诊治指南》指出[1],妊娠妇女除正常饮食外需要额外补碘150 μg/d。新疆维吾尔自治区(新疆)南部是严重的碘缺乏病流行区,自2007年起该地区依照卫生部《在碘缺乏病高危地区采取应急补碘措施的实施意见(试行)》,对育龄妇女采取口服碘化油应急补碘措施。为了解和掌握干预补碘措施对甲状腺功能的影响,2015年10月对实施干预补碘的拜城和乌什县妊娠妇女尿碘和甲状腺功能进行调查研究,现将结果报告如下。

1 资料与方法 1.1 调查对象

18~40岁妊娠和非妊娠妇女,每年口服2次碘油丸,间隔6个月,每次200 mg。

1.2 调查方法

空腹采血,应用BD真空采血管采集肘静脉血5 ml,分离血清于-80 ℃冰箱冻存待测。空腹采尿,留取禁食>8 h的单次尿标本5 ml,于塑料管中-20 ℃冻存待测。

1.3 实验室测定方法

使用罗氏公司的(E411)分析仪器及试剂盒检测血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、血清游离甲状腺素(FT4)和促甲状腺素(TSH),所有采样及检测过程均符合实验室操作标准。尿碘浓度采用WS/T 107-2006酸消化砷铈接触法检测。FT3、FT4和TSH的正常参考值范围分别为3.10~ 6.80 pmol/L、12~22 pmol/L和0.27~4.20 mIU/L。

1.4 诊断标准

甲状腺机能亢进(甲亢):血清FT3或FT4增高,TSH减低,排除孕妇一过性的妊娠期甲亢综合症后,甲状腺功能亢进诊断可成立;甲状腺机能减退(甲减):血清TSH增高,FT4降低,原发性甲减诊断成立;亚临床甲减:仅有血清TSH增高,血清FT4正常。

1.5 统计学分析

应用SPSS 17.0软件对数据进行处理,计量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两样本均数的比较采用t检验,计数资料的比较采用χ2检验,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 尿碘水平

共检测育龄妇女尿碘样本537份,中位数为209.89 μg/L,< 50和100 μg /L的人数分别占总人数的5.03%和16.02%。妊娠组、非妊娠组尿碘中位数分别为181.73和228.35 μg/L;妊娠组尿碘水平 < 50、100和150 μg/L的人数分别占该组总数的5.83%、16.66%和32.04%,两组尿碘差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.47,P < 0.05),见表 1

表 1 干预补碘地区育龄妇女的不同浓度尿碘频数分布 Table 1 Distribution of urinary iodine frequency in fertile women with different urinary iodine concentrations in intervention areas
组别 人数 尿碘中位数(μg/L) 不同浓度尿碘(μg/L)
0~ 20~ 50~ 100~ 150~ 200~ 300~
妊娠组 120 181.73 - 7 13 25 23 28 24
非妊娠组 417 228.35 - 20 46 61 67 156 67
合计 537 209.89 - 27 59 86 90 184 91
注:-均为无数据
2.2 甲状腺功能指标分析

妊娠组、非妊娠组FT3、FT4差异有统计学意义(t=15.03、9.07,P < 0.05),TSH差异无统计学意义(t=0.38,P>0.05),见表 2

表 2 干预补碘地区育龄妇女甲状腺功能指标的分析 Table 2 Thyroid function indicators of fertile women in intervention areas
组别 人数 血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(pmol/L) 游离甲状腺素(pmol/L) 促甲状腺素(mIU/L)
妊娠组 120 4.15±0.66 13.19±2.07 2.70±1.35
非妊娠组 417 4.91±2.09 14.23±3.60 3.02±2.17
t 15.03 9.07 0.38
P < 0.05 < 0.05 > 0.05
2.3 甲状腺激素水平与正常参考值的比较

妊娠组FT3和FT4偏低,TSH偏高;非妊娠组FT4偏高,TSH异常偏高。因甲状腺激素水平的异常变化,排除既往甲状腺疾病史及家族史,妊娠组甲减4例,发生率为3.33%,亚临床甲减12例,发生率为10.00%;非妊娠组甲亢、甲减和亚临床甲减分别为3、21和75例,发生率分别为0.72%、5.04%和17.98%。两组甲状腺功能异常均以亚临床甲减的发生率最高,差异有统计学意义(χ2 =4.38,P < 0.05),见表 3

表 3 干预补碘地区育龄妇女甲状腺激素水平与正常参考值比较 Table 3 Comparison of thyroid hormone levels of fertile women in intervention areas and normal reference values
组别 总人数 异常情况 血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸 游离甲状腺素 促甲状腺素
人数 百分比(%) 人数 百分比(%) 人数 百分比(%)
妊娠组 120 5 4.17 31 25.83 3 2.50
- - - - 16 13.33
非妊娠组 417 1 0.23 56 13.43 6 1.44
4 0.96 3 0.72 95 22.78
注:-均为无数据
3 讨论

尿碘水平是反映人体碘营养状态的重要指标,既能反映某群体碘的摄入量,又可评价个体的碘营养状况。妊娠妇女不同于非妊娠妇女,其体内碘丢失多,需求量增加。世界卫生组织推荐女性妊娠期间适宜的碘营养范围,尿碘中位数为150~250 μg/L。本研究妊娠组尿碘水平低于非妊娠组,具有明显差异,与文献[2-3]报道相符。相对于干预前2个县尿碘水平有一定提高,< 50和100 μg/L分别降低了13.57%和16.02%,其中妊娠组 < 50、100和150 μg/L分别降低了16.47%、24.34%和25.06%[4],两县仍有32.04%妊娠妇女尿碘水平 < 150 μg/L,提示妊娠妇女可能存在碘缺乏风险,需引起关注。

TSH是检测甲状腺功能最敏感的指标,但甲状腺功能的各项指标中FT4意义最大。调查显示,妊娠妇女FT4、FT3水平较非妊娠妇女低,差异有统计学意义。FT4、FT3水平下降,同时伴随TSH升高,提示孕妇妊娠期甲状腺功能处于一种甲减的代偿状态[5]。Mao等[6]在体检人员中发现,亚临床甲减的患病率高于临床甲亢、亚临床甲亢和临床甲减。以亚临床甲减为主的妊娠妇女甲减发生率达2.5%[7]。本研究妊娠组甲减发生率符合该报道。该地区人群亚临床甲状腺疾病的发生率明显高于临床甲状腺疾病,可能是该地区甲状腺功能紊乱的常见类型。通过与轻病区乌鲁木齐市的调查结果进行综合分析,不同地区妊娠妇女甲状腺激素存在差异,主要因不同种族和地区妊娠妇女营养、机体自身内分泌调节、基础代谢率及甲状腺激素水平含量不同[8]

新疆地域辽阔,尿碘浓度分布有明显的区域性特征,提示育龄妇女干预补碘可造成碘过量的风险[9]。因此,应开展育龄妇女尿碘监测和妊娠期甲状腺激素相关指标的检测并建立该地区妊娠期参考值范围,对预防出生缺陷具有重要意义。

作者贡献:

马品江 ORCID:0000-0001-8592-7179

马品江:现场流行病调查

黄佳:现场流行病调查,实验室检测、数据统计分析

王琛琛:实验室检测、现场流行病调查

段依敏:实验室检测

张玲:现场流行病调查

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