Abstract: ObjectiveTo analyze the behavior factors associated with the failure of hepatitis B vaccination among adults. MethodsA 1∶1 case control study matched by age, gender and occupation was conducted for 62 people whose GMC of anti-NBs10 mIU/ml, which included the interview about the histories of smoking, alcohol use, dental surgery and general surgery for both groups, the odds ratio (IOR/I), 95% confidence limit and IP/I value were calculated. ResultsThe cigarette smoking rate was higher in vaccination failure group than in control group, the difference was of statistical significance (IP/I＜0.05), while the difference on the histories of alcohol use, dental surgery and general surgery had no statistical significance. ConclusionCigarette smoking was the main risk factors for the failure of hepatitis B vaccination.