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2000－2017年世界各地区麻疹消除的进展趋势

Zhenyu Gong, Xunliang Gong

Accepted Manuscript , DOI: 10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2020.03.020

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Epidemiological characteristics of people living with HIV/AIDS before and after implementation of classified management

Hongbo Shi, Hang Hong, Hongjun Dong, Haibo Jiang, Xiaomin Gu

Accepted Manuscript , DOI: 10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2020.03.010

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ObjectiveTo understand the epidemiological characteristics of people living with HIV/AIDS before and after the implementation of classified management strategy in Ningbo, China.MethodsA the end of November 2017, a 1-year follow up was conducted in recruited HIV/AIDS who lived in Ningbo. Different management strategy was implemented in HIV/AIDS with different risk of transmission. The information about their socio-demographics, transmission risk, sex behavior, history of sexually transmitted diseases and antiretroviral therapy were analyzed.ResultsA total of 2 905 HIV/AIDS were included. After 1 year classified management, the proportion of HIV/AIDS with high transmission risk declined from 11.74% to 5.23% (χ²＝66.786, P＜0.05). The proportion of HIV/AIDS with high risk transmission significantly decrease (P＜0.05) except those who were aged ＜20 years, with education level blow primary school and drug users (P＞0.05). After classified management, the proportion of HIV/AIDS with sexual behaviors, with multi sex partners, using no condoms significantly decreased (P＜0.05); the proportion of HIV/AIDS who were syphilis positive significantly decreased (P＜0.05); the proportion of HIV/AIDS receiving no antiretroviral therapy and viral load ≥400 significantly decreased (P＜0.05).ConclusionThrough the implementation of classified management strategy, the proportion of HIV/AIDS with high transmission risk in Ningbo significantly decreased, the prevalence of multi sex partners and sexual transmitted diseases in HIV/AIDS A with high transmission risk significantly decreased. In the future, it is necessary to further strengthen the follow up and anti-retroviral therapy in HIV/AIDS with high transmission risk in order to reduce the HIV transmission.

Methodological assessment and detection base line based prediction of Salmonella carriage level in catering and public service employees in Yulin

Xiaolu Pang, Guimin Gu, Yue Liu, Ming Luo, Fang Wang, Wen Liang, Mingliu Wang, Chunlei Shi, Xianming Shi, Yiwei Liu, Xuebin Xu

Corrected proof , DOI: 10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2020.03.008

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ObjectiveTo predict the carriage level of Salmonella in catering and public service employees in Yulin in Guangxi based on the base line and methodological assessment of Salmonella detection process.MethodThe selective enrichment broth (SBG) and selective plates (CAS, XLD, DHL) were used to establish Salmonella screening techniques process. Statistical parameters were obtained through the detections of stock strains and 408 stool samples of the employees for the evaluation of the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of different combination process (SBG+CAS/XLD/DHL) in the detection of Salmonella. The Salmonella carriage level in catering and public service employees in Yulin from 2014 to 2017 were adjusted and predicted according to the sensitivity of SBG-DHL in Salmonella isolation.ResultsReference stock strain detection showed that the sensitivity and specificity of CAS, XLD and DHL were 100.00% and 96.67%, 100.00% and 83.33%, 83.33% and 50.00%, respectively. A total of 22 Salmonella strains were isolated from 408 stool samples by using combined plates, the positive rate was 5.39%. The sensitivity and positive predictive rates were 95.45% and 89.23% for CAS, 86.36% and 27.72% for XLD, 68.18% and 16.15% for DHL, 100.00% and 29.27% for CAS+XLD, respectively. A Salmonella Rissen isolate with both hydrogen sulfide-negative and positive clones was isolated from an asymptomatic carrier by CAS and XLD. Through the calibration and prediction, the annual rate of Salmonella carriage was 3.35% in the employees from 2014 to 2017. Accordingly, we predicted that the Salmonella carriage rate was 3 350/100 000 in catering and public service employees in Yulin of Guangxi.ConclusionThe sensitivity and positive predictive rate of Salmonella detection can be used as the indicators for evaluation of detection quality and methodologies. Big data confirmed that the high Salmonella carriage arte was persistent in catering and public service employees in southern China. It is necessary to strengthen the screening of asymptomatic Salmonella carriers to reduce the recessive spread of food-borne pathogenic bacteria.

Effect of stachyose on colonization of Clostridium difficile and intestinal flora in intestinal tract of mice

Ying Kang, Xianping Li, Liqiong Song, Yuchun Xiao, Yuanming Huang, Zhihong Ren

Corrected proof , DOI: 10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2020.03.017

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ObjectiveTo explore whether stachyose can effectively inhibit the colonization of Clostridium difficile in intestinal tract of mice and analyze the structural change of the intestinal flora using C. difficile infection mouse model.MethodsC57BL/6 female mice were randomly divided into three groups, one group did not receive any treatment (blank group), and the other two groups were daily administrated with stachyose (stachyose group) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (PBS group) respectively for 10 days after C. difficile infection. On day 10 after infection, the content of C. difficile in feces was measured with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the variation of intestinal flora in mice in different groups was analyzed with 16S rRNA sequencing technique.ResultsOn day 10 after infection, stachyose significantly decreased the colonization of C. difficile in intestinal tract the mice infected with C. difficile. The 16S rRNA sequencing result showed that the ACE index of stachyose group was significantly higher than that of PBS group, but it did not return to normal level. At the phylum level, stachyose treatment resulted in a significant increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in C. difficile-infected mice. At the species level, stachyose treatment resulted in a significant increase in the relative abundance of Parabacteroides goldsteinii, Blautia hansenii, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Parasutterella excrementihominis, Parabacteroides distasonis.ConclusionStachyose treatment can effectively reduce the colonization of C. difficile, restore the richness of intestinal flora in intestinal tract of the mice in mice infected with C. difficile, especially the relative abundance of several bacteria, such as Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Parabacteroides goldsteinii.

Molecular etiologic investigation of gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by norovirus GⅠ in two schools in Lanzhou, 2018

Qian Kang, Jianhua Chen, Peng Wang, Huimin Zhang, Xueying Wang, Hui Zhang, Deshan Yu

Corrected proof , DOI: 10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2020.03.019

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ObjectiveTo understand the molecular characteristics of norovirus-caused outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in two schools in Lanzhou from May to June in 2018, and analyze the sources of norovirus infections.MethodsTwenty nine anal swabs and 4 surface swabs from the two outbreaks were detected for norovirus by real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR. The RdRp and VP1 region genes of positive samples were sequenced and analyzed by NCBI and MEGA 6.0 software.ResultsThe outbreaks of gastroenteritis in two schools were caused by norovirus GⅠ. In the outbreak in school A from 28 May to 4 June, 50 cases occurred with an attack rate of 3.24%. In the outbreak in school B from 1 to 13 June, 35 cases occurred with an attack arte of 4.76%. The epidemiological investigation showed that the two outbreaks were related to small dining place and close contact. Thirteen out of 33 samples were positive for norovirus GⅠ nucleic acid. The gene sequencing and alignment results indicated that the first epidemic was caused by norovirus GⅠ.3 [P13], and the second one was caused by norovirus GⅠ.6 [P11]. Conclusion Two outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in two schools in Chengguan district of Lanzhou were caused by norovirus GⅠ.3 [P13] and GⅠ.6 [P11] respectively. It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance for norovirus and the management of small dining places near middle and primary schools.

Laboratory detection for an acute gastroenteritis outbreak caused by norovirus and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins

Guoxin Zhen, Ying Li, Guoqiang Ji, Shuang Zhang, Yuanyuan Wang, Yanchun Zhang, Miao Wang, Hongbo Jing, Xiaochen Ma, Maojun Zhang

Corrected proof , DOI: 10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2020.03.018

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ObjectiveTo analyze the laboratory detection results for an acute gastroenteritis outbreak.MethodsTaqMan real-time PCR was performed for the detections of norovirus and 8 major bacteria pathogens by using the original 6 vomit samples collected from patients. PCR for the enterotoxin (SE) genes of Staphylococcus aureus was performed by using the S. aureu strains cultured in enriched vomit samples. ELISA was performed for the detection of SEs of 5 S. aureu strains, and PCR was used for SE gene detection and spa typing.ResultsSix original vomit samples were collected in the outbreak. Among them, 5 were positive for norovirus and 2 were positive and nuc gene of S. aureus in real-time PCR. Five enriched vomit samples were positive for nuc gene, among them, 4 and 1 were positive for seb gene and sea gene, respectively. Five S. aureus isolates were obtained from 5 enriched vomit samples of the patients, and were divided into 3 spa types (t701, t437 and t4209). There was a difference in SE gene detection of S. aureu between PCR and ELISA.ConclusionLaboratory analysis indicated that this gastroenteritis outbreak may be caused by the infection of norovirus plus effect of SEs of S. aureu.

Expression of T lymphocyte surface markers in peripheral blood of patients with pulmonary disease

Qiuqiong Lyu, Hongmei Liu, Wenfang Xu, Qiong Wang, Yulan Chen, Liliang Wei

Corrected proof , DOI: 10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2020.03.016

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ObjectivesTo observe the expression of T lymphocyte surface markers in peripheral blood of patients with pulmonary disease, and explore the pathogenesis of pulmonary disease from the level of cellular immunity.MethodsEighty four patients with pulmonary diseases receiving treatment in pneumology department of Shaoxing Hospital from January to December, 2016 were divided into tuberculosis (TB) group (34 cases), the lung cancer (LC) group (25 cases) and non-tuberculosis pneumonia (NTP) group (25 cases) according to the diagnosis, and a healthy control (HC) group (35 cases) was set up simultaneously. The percentages of CD3^＋CD4^＋, CD3^＋CD8^＋, CD3^＋CD45RA^＋/ CD45RO^＋, CD3^＋HLA-DR^＋, CD8^＋HLA-DR^＋ and CD4^＋CD25^＋ T cells in peripheral blood of all experimental groups were detected, and the results were statistically analyzed using t test.ResultsThe ratios of CD4^＋/CD8^＋ of TB group (1.01±0.48), LC group (1.17±0.39) and NTP group (1.35±0.55) were lower compared with HC group (1.48±0.52) (t＝2.562, t＝2.341, t＝2.112, P＜0.05). The percentages of CD3^＋CD45RO^＋ cells in total T lymphocyte of TB group (65.20%±12.63%), LC group (56.70%±9.98%) and NTP group (55.90%±9.29%) were higher than that of HC group (49.60% ±11.52%, t＝3.422, t＝2.647, t＝2.084, P＜0.05), and that of TB group was higher than those of LC and NTP groups (t＝2.153, t＝3.112, P＜0.05); The percentages of CD3^＋HLA-DR^＋ cells of TB group (19.59%±7.01%) and LC group (21.70%±7.34%) in total T lymphocyte were higher than that of HC group (11.40%±5.33%, t＝2.383, t＝2.533, P＜0.05); The percentage of CD8^＋HLA-DR^＋cells in total T lymphocyte was higher in TB group (11.26%±4.88%) than in HC group (7.10%±3.07%, t＝2.244, P＜0.05). The percentages of CD4^＋CD25^＋cells in total T lymphocyte increased in TB group (10.70%±3.06%) and LC group (10.40%±2.33%) compared with HC group (8.20%±2.79%, t＝2.647, t＝2.662, P＜0.05). ConclusionThe expressions of surface markers of T lymphocytes in peripheral blood changed in patients with tuberculosis, lung cancer and pneumonia, especially in TB patients. For TB patients, it might be associated with the unique pathogenesis of tuberculosis.

Establishment of a nested polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of Brucella DNA

Guozhong Tian

Corrected proof , DOI: 10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2020.03.015

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ObjectiveTo establish a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with high sensitivity and specificity to detect Brucella DNA.MethodsThe bacteria DNA was extracted by using bacterial genome extraction kit. The DNA extraction from blood samples was conducted by using blood and other tissue genomic DNA extraction kit. The extracted DNA was pre-amplified by conventional PCR. The amplified PCR product was used again as the template for the second amplification by fluorescence quantitative PCR (nested PCR). The sensitivity and specificity for bacteria DNA extraction were tested. The relationship curve between Ct value and copy numbers of DNA was constructed. The DNA from blood samples was tested. The results were compared with conventional PCR and conventional fluorescence quantitative PCR.ResultsThe sensitivity of conventional PCR was 512 copies of Brucella DNA. The effective range of genomic DNA was 921.6 ng/μl–6.8 fg/μl for nested PCR. And the corresponding Ct value was 12.04–37.50. The index relationship was y＝（e^−0.695x）×10¹², R²＝0.998 6. The amplification efficiency of nested PCR was 2.28×10⁹. The detection limit for nested PCR was 2 copy numbers of Brucella DNA. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of nested PCR were 91.67%, 93.10%, 91.67% and 93.10%, respectively. Twenty five blood samples from a sheep farm were detected by nested PCR. The positive rate was 92.00% (23/25). The detection results of Brucella DNA were negative for 27 blood samples from healthy people (no Ct value).ConclusionThe nested PCR has high sensitivity and specificity, which is suitable to use for the detection of Brucella in blood samples.

Characteristics of pyrazinamide resistance in multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its correlation with second-line drug resistance

Yang Che, Tianchi Yang, Xiang Lin, Dingyi Bo

Corrected proof , DOI: 10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2020.03.013

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ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics of the resistance to pyrazinamide in multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis（MTB） strains and its correlation with the second-line drug resistance in Ningbo.MethodsA total of 110 MDR-TB isolates selected in the drug resistance survey in Ningbo between 2015 and 2017 were used in the study. The conventional drug susceptibility test (1% ratio method) was used to detect the drug-resistant profiles of MDR-MTB against 5 second-line antibiotics (ofloxacin, levofloxacin, kanamycin, amikacin, capreomycin). BACTEC MGIT 960 PZA method was used to detect pyrazinamide resistance of 110 MDR-MTB isolates and gene sequencing was conducted to detect the mutation of pncA gene.ResultsAmong the 110 isolates of MDR-MTB, 65 were resistant to pyrazinamide (59.09%). pncA gene mutation occurred in 56 strains of MDR-MTB (50.91%). Among the 65 pyrazinamide resistant strains, pncA mutation was detected in 54 strains (83.08%). Among the 45 pyrazinamide sensitive strains, pncA mutation was detected in 2 strains (4.44%). The mutation rate of pncA was much higher in pyrazinamide resistant strains than in pyrazinamide sensitive strains, the difference was significant (χ²＝65.787, P＜0.001). There were 42 mutation types in pncA gene, and single base substitution was the main type (92.86%). The resistance to streptomycin, ethambutol, ofloxacin, levofloxacin and pre-extensive drug resistance (pre-XDR) were associated with pyrazinamide resistance in MDR-MTB strains.ConclusionMDR-MTB clinical isolates were resistant to pyrazinamide seriously, and the pyrazinamide resistance was associated with the resistances to second line antibiotics (ofloxacin, levofloxacin) and pre-XDR.

Surveillance results of first-line anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in tuberculosis patients in Lishui, Zhejiang, 2013–2018

Xiuying Chen, Lixia Xu, Fuming Liu, Jie Wu, Liyang Qiu, Pengfei Fan, Qiuhua Li

Corrected proof , DOI: 10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2020.03.014

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ObjectiveTo understand the resistance of to the first-line anti TB drugs in tuberculosis (TB) patients in Lishui, Zhejiang province, and provide reference basis for TB prevention and control.MethodsThe Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains collected from 2013 to 2018 were identified and tested for the sensitivity to isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and ethambutol.ResultsThe drug resistance of 1 883 strains of M. tuberculosis was detected, the strains were from 1 770 newly treated pulmonary TB cases and 113 retreated pulmonary TB cases. The overall drug resistance rate was 17.15% and the multidrug resistance rate was 5.74%. The drug resistance rate in newly treated pulmonary TB cases was 15.42% (273/1 770), lower than that in retreated TB cases (44.25%, 50/113). In newly treated pulmonary TB cases, the resistance rate to streptomycin was highest, followed by isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol. In retreated pulmonary TB cases, the resistance rate to isoniazid was highest, followed by rifampicin, streptomycin and ethambutol.ConclusionThe overall drug resistance rate and multidrug resistance rate in pulmonary TB cases in Lishui were lower than province and national baseline level and the level in last round surveillance in Lishui, but the multidrug resistance of TB was still serious.

Isolation of Yersinia pestis phage from Rattus norvegicus in Yunnan province and its epidemiological significance

Yue Yuan, Youhong Zhong, Haipeng Zhang, Chao Su, Lihua Yang, Fengyi Yang, Hesong Wu, Peng Wang

Accepted Manuscript , DOI: 10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2020.03.011

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ObjectiveTo investigate the status of plague phages in Rattus norvegicus, the host animal of plague in Yunnan province, and to explore its epidemiological significance.MethodsFrom 2015 to 2018, samples were taken from 25 sites in 10 counties and cities of Yunnan province to collect intestinal specimens of captured Rattus norvegicus. The Yersinia pestis phage was isolated from intestinal specimens by double plate method. The specific gene caf1 of Yersinia pestis was detected.ResultsTotally 344 copies of brown mouse were collected and 15 strains of Yersinia pestis phages were isolated from them, with a total isolation rate of 4.36%. From the sampling points, 10 spots were isolated from Yersinia pestis phages, with the highest isolation rates of Chunhe street and Yudai street in Hongta district of Yuxi city (28.57% and 16.67%). There was no significant difference between the sex, age and habitat of rats on the isolation of Yersinia pestis phages.The caf1 test of all specimens was negative. Four of the isolated bacteriophages are of the Myoviridae family.ConclusionThere are a certain number of Yersinia pestis phages in Rattus norvegicus in Yunnan province, and they are distributed in the historical epidemic area, the near historical epidemic area, the rekindling epidemic area and the current epidemic area. The carrying rate of Yersinia pestis phages in the historical epidemic area and urban Rattus norvegicus is higher, which microecological significance is worth further discussion.

Establishmentofareversetranscriptionrecombinase-mediatedamplificationassayforrapiddetectionofTahynavirus

Fan Li, Xiaofang Guo, Qikai Yin, Xinxin Shen, Shihong Fu, Songtao Xu, Wenwen Lei, Hongning Zhou, Xuejun Ma, Huanyu Wang

Corrected proof , DOI: 10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2020.03.004

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ObjectiveTo establish a reverse transcription recombinase-mediated nucleic acid amplification (RAA) assay for the rapid detection of Tahyna virus nucleic acid.MethodsPrimers and probes were designed in the conserved region of S segment of Tahyna virus. The sensitivity of the new RAA assay was evaluated by constructing plasmids containing target gene fragments and cultured virus. The specificity of the assay were tested by seven viruses of flavivirus, alphavirus, Orthobunyavirus and Seadornavirus. Additionally, 30 batches of mosquito samples were used to evaluate the performance of the RT-RAA assay.ResultsThe limit detection of the assay was 100 copies per reaction for the constructed plasmid standard and 1 plaque-forming units (PFU) per reaction of Tahyna virus titers. There was no cross-reaction with other arboviruses.ConclusionA highly sensitive, specific, and easy-to-use assay was established for the rapid detection of Tahyna virus.

EstablishmentofTaqManRT-PCRfordetectionofKoutangovirus

Qikai Yin, Xiaojing Chen, Shihong Fu, Wenjing Liu, Fan Li, Wenwen Lei, Ying He, Songtao Xu, Guodong Liang, Kai Nie, Huanyu Wang

Corrected proof , DOI: 10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2020.03.005

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ObjectiveTo establish a real-time quantitative TaqMan reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for the rapid detection of Koutango virus (KOUTV) in mosquito borne arbovirus surveillance.MethodsAll gene sequences of KOUTV were downloaded from GenBank for multiple sequence alignment. Specific primers and probes were designed for the highly conserved region of NS5 gene. The specificity of established TaqMan RT-PCR assay was evaluated with other 9 viruses from 5 families, and the stability of the assay was verified by parallel repeated experiments. Moreover, an absolute quantitative analysis model for the NS5 gene copy number of KOUTV was set up with in vitro transcribed RNA standards.ResultsThe established TaqMan RT-PCR assay has good specificity and sensitivity. No cross reaction with other arbovirus was observed and the sensitivity was 1.0×10² copies/reaction. The coefficients of variation of Ct values in repeated detection of same sample were all less than 1.5%. A total of 6 328 mosquito samples in 112 batches collected in Xinjiang were tested with the established assay and the results showed KOUTV negative in all samples.ConclusionA high specificity and sensitivity TaqMan RT-PCR assay for KOUTV was successfully established.

DetectionandmanagementofanimportedcaseofChikungunyafeverinHenan

Xingle Li, Xiangdong Jin, Jianmin Ma, Dongxiao Li, Ruijuan Fu, Haifeng Wang, Haimei Li, Jia Su, Xueyong Huang, Wanshen Guo

Corrected proof , DOI: 10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2020.03.006

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ObjectiveTo understand the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of an imported Chikungunya fever case occurred in Huixian county of Henan province in August 2019 and provide evidence for the prevention and control of the further spread.MethodsThe serum samples of the case, person with co-exposure and contacts as well as mosquito samples were detected with real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR and the virus isolation was conducted, E1 gene of the isolate was sequenced and analyzed by Clustal X and MEGA 7.0. Epidemiological investigation was conducted, and prevention and control measures were taken according to related technical guidelines.ResultsThe serum sample of the case was positive for nucleic acid of Chikungunya virus. The virus isolate (GenBank No. MN432879) belonged to ECSA genotype of Chikungunya virus. In E1 section, the isolate shared 100% nucleotide/amino acid homology of MN432879 with an imported strain (GenBank No. MG912993) in Zhejiang in 2017, and shared 99.4% nucleotide homology and 99.8% amino acid homology with an imported strain (GenBank No. MG925665) isolated in Henan. There was one case with co-exposure and three contacts, all of them showed no clinical manifestations of Chikungunya fever. The breteau index of the epidemic point declined from 9.5 in the first surveillance to 3.2 in the third surveillance and remained at a low level. Mosquito samples were negative for nucleic acid of Chikungunya virus.ConclusionThe imported Chikungunya fever case in Huixian county of Henan was caused by ECSA genotype Chikungunya virus, no further spread occurred in this area.

GeneticevolutionofavianinfluenzaA(H9N2)virusesfrompoultrymarketsinGuangzhou,2017–2019

Lan Cao, Kuibiao Li, Dan Xia, Yanhui Liu, Yiyun Chen, Jianyun Lu, Zhoubin Zhang, Biao Di

Corrected proof , DOI: 10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2020.03.007

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ObjectiveTo analyze the characteristics of genetic evolution of avian influenza A (H9N2) virus strains isolated in Guangzhou and provide research data for the prevention and control of human infection with avian influenza virus.MethodsA total of 24 strains of H9N2 virus isolated from the samples collected in poultry markets in Guangzhou were randomly selected for sequencing. The genetic evolution characteristics of the strains were analyzed with bioinformatics software.ResultsThe nucleotide homology of all the strains ranged from 86.20% to 100.00%, and the evolutionary distance of nucleotide was 0.00–1.54. Genetic evolution analysis showed that all the strains clustered into same phylogenetic clades, and belonged to genotype G57. Molecular analysis showed that all the strains belonged to low pathogenic avian influenza viruses, and all strains had Q226L mutation in HA receptor binding sites, which suggested that these viruses can easily recognize the receptor of human. Most of the strains had mutations related to enhanced pathogenicity at the sites of HA-N166D, PB2-L89V/292V, PB1-I368V, L473V, PA-K356R, S409N, M1-N30D, T215A, NS1-P42S. All the strains were sensitive to neuraminidase inhibitors and resistant to alkylamines.ConclusionAvian influenza A (H9N2) viruses circulated in Guangzhou during 2017–2019 belonged to genotype G57, which had stable variation of enhanced binding ability to human receptor. Most of the strains had mutations of enhanced pathogenicity, which needed to be monitored continually.

Characteristics of Enterococcus hirae isolated from Tibetan gazelles in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Jiajia Meng, Kui Dong, Juan Zhou, Jing Yang, Jianguo Xu

Accepted Manuscript , DOI: 10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2020.03.012

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ObjectiveTo study the characteristics of Enterococcus hirae carried by Tibetan gazelles in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.MethodsBacterial isolation, 16S rRNA and rpoA gene sequence analysis and whole genome analysis were conducted. K-B disk method was used for drug sensitivity test. COGs, SwissProt, CARD and VFDB databases were used for genome analysis. Software MUMmer and TreeBeST were used to construct the phylogenetic tree based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).ResultsTwo strains of E. hirae were isolated from 15 stool samples of Tibetan gazelles. The identification was supported by biochemical analysis, full-length 16S rRNA sequence analysis and whole genome analysis. Genomic analysis showed that the strains carried capsular polysaccharide gene cluster, which was recognized as virulence gene. Phylogenetic analysis based on SNPs indicated that two strains of E. hirae from Tibetan gazelle belonged to two clades, which were closer to animal strains, and the strains were sensitive to many commonly used antibiotics.ConclusionE. hirae isolated from Tibetan gazelles in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau carried capsular polysaccharide gene cluster, which was favorable for environment adaption. E. hirae strains showed sensitivity to multi-antibiotics. The study results indicated that YL69 has the potential to spread in humans.

2020年2月中国甲乙丙类传染病疫情动态简介National Data of Class A, B and C Communicable Diseases in February 2020

Accepted Manuscript , DOI: 10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2020.03.001

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Accepted Manuscript

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Summary of global surveillance data of infectious diseases in February 2020

Hui Han, Bo Wu, Jiaojiao Jia, Yajing Song

Accepted Manuscript , DOI: 10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2020.03.003

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In February 2020, a total of 61 infectious diseases were reported globally, affecting 82 countries and regions. Except for influenza, the top five infectious diseases affecting greatest number of countries and regions were Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (40), dengue fever(28), measles(13), legionellosis(8) and malaria(7).The top four infectious diseases with highest case fatality rates were Ebola virus disease (65.7%), Middle East respiratory syndrome(34.2%), Lassa fever(17.1%) and COVID-19(3.4%). The top five infectious diseases with greatest number of deaths were COVID-19, measles, dengue fever, Lassa fever and Ebola virus disease. The prevalent infectious diseases in Asia were COVID-19, Middle East respiratory syndrome and dengue fever, the prevalent infectious diseases in Africa were Ebola virus disease, cholera, yellow fever, Lassa fever and measles, the prevalent infectious diseases in America were dengue fever and COVID-19, the prevalent infectious diseases in Europe was COVID-19.

2020年2月中国甲乙丙类传染病疫情动态概要

Accepted Manuscript , DOI: 10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2020.03.002

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Epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of norovirus-caused gastroenteritis

Tong Su, Yingying Liu, Wenna Zhao, Qiuli Yu, Yun Xie, Shunxiang Qi, Qi Li

Accepted Manuscript

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Abstract:
ObjectiveTo study the epidemiological characteristics and identify the cause of an outbreak caused by norovirus infection in a school in Hebei province in 2018, and evaluate the performance of the epidemic response.MethodsField epidemiology method were used to collect basic information of an outbreak in a school in Hebei province in 2018 and retrospective questionnaire survey was conducted for all cases, followed by descriptive analysis of the outbreak. Risk factors related to the outbreak were explored through cross-sectional and case-control study. Meanwhile, laboratory tests of enteroviruses and bacterial pathogens were performed by using stool samples and anal swabs of the patients, food and water samples, and environment samples.ResultsThe outbreak lasted for 6 days, involving 55 cases. The cases mainly occurred in 16 classes, and the attack rate was 1.60%. Among the cases, 34 were males, and 21 were females, with the ratio of 1.62∶1. The age of the cases ranged from 6 years to 37 years, with the average age of 9.13 years. The main clinical symptoms were vomiting (92.73%, 51/55), diarrhea (65.45%, 36/55), which all disappeared within 1 or 2 days after onset. No death and server case occurred. Risk factor analysis showed that the differences in food intake and water drinking were not significant between class with high attack rate and class without case. A total of 19 samples of the cases were collected, in which 11 were positive for norovirus GⅡand 1 was positive for astrovirus. In addition, in 41 samples of food and water, no enterovirus was detected and the bacterial indexes were also within normal range.ConclusionThe outbreak was caused by norovirus GⅡ. Vomit aerosol transmission and person to person contact were main transmission routes in this outbreak. Untimely discovery and isolation of the first case, improper dispose of vomit and disinfection were the facilitating factors for the disease spread and outbreak.

Detection of common diarrhea-associated viruses in 142 stool samples collected from adult diarrhea patients in 1980s

Liu Yang, Yalong Xu, Jinsong Li, Zhaojun Duan, Chaofeng Ma

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Abstract:
ObjectiveTo understand the common diarrhea-associated viral pathogens in 142 stool samples collected from adult diarrhea patients in 1980s.MethodsPolymerase chain reaction was used to detect rotavirus, norovirus, enterovirus and astrovirus in 142 stool samples collected from adult diarrhea patients and stored in virus strain stock of National Institute for Viral Disease Prevention and Control, China CDC since 1980s, and the types of these viruses were determined through sequencing.ResultsAt least one virus was detected in 120 stool samples (84.51%, 120/142). The detection rate of rotavirus B was 42.96% (61/142), no rotavirus A and C were detected. The detection rate of norovirus was 0.70% (1/142). The detection rate of intestinal adenovirus was 4.23% (6/142), including two type 4 strains, two type 7 strains, one type 40 strain and one type 41 strain. The detection rate of astroviruses was 34.51% (49/142) and all the strains belonged to type 5. The detection rate of swine enterovirus was 1.41% (2/142). The detection rate of coxsackie virus was 0.70% (1/142). The detection rate of mixed infection was 24.65% (35/142). No poliovirus was detected.ConclusionRotavirus B was the main pathogen detected in stool samples collected from adult diarrhea patients in 1980s, and the rate of mixed infection with astrovirus was 21.13% (30/142), and the rotavirus B strains shared 94.67%–96.52% nucleotide sequence homology with standard strain of rotavirus in adult diarrhea patients. Other viruses showed similarities with viruses detected nowadays. Swine enterovirus was detected from the stool samples, which might be explained by sample contamination due to environment condition in 1980s.

Genetic characteristics of human adenovirus 4a causing an epidemic of febrile illness

Lin Zou, Ling Tong, Chong Zhang, Bojun Zhen, Lu Xi, Yanna Yang, Yanchun Wang, Hongjun Li, Tiegang Zhang, Xiang Gao, Guofeng Zhang

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Abstract:
ObjectiveTo understand the genetic characteristics of human adenovirus 4a causing an epidemic of febrile illness occurred in a primary school in Tongzhou district of Beijing in October, 2019.MethodsThe oropharyngeal swabs were collected from the febrile illness cases for the detections of 32 kinds of respiratory viruses and bacteria by real-time PCR. The Fiber, Hexon and Penton gene fragments were amplified and sequenced by PCR for adenovirus positive specimens. The Fiber, Hexon and Penton gene sequences were analyzed by BLAST in NCBI. A phylogenetic tree was constructed by using Fiber, Hexon and Penton gene sequences with software BioEidt7.2.5 and MEGA 6.06.ResultsThe oropharyngeal swabs of 6 febrile illness cases were all positive for adenovirus in real-time PCR. There were no other respiratory pathogens detected in the oropharyngeal swabs. Fiber, Hexon and Penton gene sequence alignment results indicated that the adenovirus strains from the 6 cases belonged to adenovirus 4a. The phylogenic tree analysis indicated that the adenoviruses isolated in this epidemic shared high homology with adenovirus 4a circulating in USA in recent years.ConclusionThis epidemic of febrile illness was caused by human adenovirus 4a.

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疫情快报
狂犬病监测专题
传染病监测
技术与方法
气候因素与传染病监测
突发公共卫生事件监测
案例分析
经验交流
海外动态

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CN 11-2928/R

ISSN 1003-9961

Established in:1986 , Monthly

Responsible Institution:National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China

Sponsor: Editorial Board of Disease Surveillance，National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention，Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

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