Abstract: Objective　The study was conducted to investigate the current situation of injury among the population in the rural areas of Shanxi province, identifying the risk factors of incidence of injury. Methods　A county level hospital and two rural health centers were selected as the surveillance spots. Injured patients in these places were monitored and the sex ratio, age distribution, places the injury occurred and behaviors at the scene were statistically analyzed according to the WHO guidelines of injury surveillance. Results　A total of 2341 injured patients were studied. 70% of the subjects were aged between 25 and 64. The highest incidence of injury was found in construction workplace and during traffic accidents, accounting for 1348 cases. The causes were primarily blunt injury and traffic accidents. One third of the victims were practicing paid labor when injured. Patients and migrant workers accounted for 62.23% of the injured patients. Conclusion　Paid construction work was the first most common cause of injury due to blunt injury and falling, indicating the need to strengthen the surveillance of farmer safety misadventure and to promote their self awareness of protection. Additionally, traffic accidents constituted another major cause of injury.