Abstract: Varicella, a respiratory tract disease caused by varicella-zoster virus, is highly contagious and can result in a series of complications that affect people's health. Rapid global climate change, frequent extreme weather events, population flow, the change of air pollutant concentration and people's vaccination status all affect the incidence of varicella. Varicella has become an important public health problem worldwide. This article mainly introduces the epidemiological characteristics of varicella both at home and abroad and the factors affecting the incidence of varicella, such as people's vaccination status, meteorological factor, air pollutant and socioeconomic level, to provide evidence for the improvement of varicella prevention and control strategy.