Abstract: Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, is a respiratory system infectious disease. It is characterized by strong transmission, long treatment duration and high mortality, which greatly impacts public health, resulting in significant social and economic burdens. Pulmonary TB has become a major global public health problem. This article mainly introduces the epidemiological characteristics of TB both at home and abroad, discusses the influencing factors of pulmonary TB incidence to provide reference for formulating pulmonary TB prevention and control strategies.